University of Chicago Press: New Titles in History: European History

What Soldiers Do

Mary Louise Roberts — Fri, 17 May 2013 05:00:00 GMT

How do you convince men to charge across heavily mined beaches into deadly machine-gun fire? Do you appeal to their bonds with their fellow soldiers, their patriotism, their desire to end tyranny and mass murder? Certainly—but if you’re the US Army in 1944, you also try another tack: you dangle the lure of beautiful French women, waiting just on the other side of the wire, ready to reward their liberators in oh so many ways.

That’s not the picture of the Greatest Generation that we’ve been given, but it’s the one Mary Louise Roberts paints to devastating effect in What Soldiers Do. Drawing on an incredible range of sources, including news reports, propaganda and training materials, official planning documents, wartime diaries, and memoirs, Roberts tells the fascinating and troubling story of how the US military command systematically spread—and then exploited—the myth of French women as sexually experienced and available. The resulting chaos—ranging from flagrant public sex with prostitutes to outright rape and rampant venereal disease—horrified the war-weary and demoralized French population. The sexual predation, and the blithe response of the American military leadership, also caused serious friction between the two nations just as they were attempting to settle questions of long-term control over the liberated territories and the restoration of French sovereignty.

While never denying the achievement of D-Day, or the bravery of the soldiers who took part, What Soldiers Do reminds us that history is always more useful—and more interesting—when it is most honest, and when it goes beyond the burnished beauty of nostalgia to grapple with the real lives and real mistakes of the people who lived it.

David Gorlæus (1591-1612)

Christoph Lüthy — Wed, 15 May 2013 05:00:00 GMT

When David Gorlæus, a prospective theology student, passed away tragically at twenty-one years old, he left behind two highly innovative manuscripts, which were published posthumously in 1620 and 1651, respectively. As his identity was unknown, seventeenth-century readers understood him both as an anti-Aristotelian thinker and a precursor of Descartes. In contrast, by the twentieth century, historians depicted him as an atomist, natural scientist, and even a chemist. David Gorlæus (1591–1612) seeks to pull together what is known of this enigmatic figure. Combining multiple historical sources, Christoph Lüthy provides a narrative of Gorlæus’s life that casts light on his exceptional body of work and places it firmly at the intersection between philosophy, the nascent natural sciences, and theology.

“Christoph Lüthy is the first to tell the complete story of David Gorlæus and to reconstruct his image on the basis of all remaining sources. Showing in a convincing way that Gorlæus is one of the key figures in the renewal of atomistic philosophy in the seventeenth century and a major influence on many philosophers that are much better known, he leaves us with the melancholy picture of someone who died too young to become one of the heroes of the scientific revolution.”—Theo Verbeek, Utrecht University

Spanish Civil War

Anindya Raychaudhuri — Wed, 15 May 2013 05:00:00 GMT

While the intricate relationship between history, memory, and representation is of central concern in contemporary society in general, it is perhaps more alive in Spain than in any other European country. The seventy-fifth anniversary of the Spanish Civil War has reignited interest in this field. The Spanish Civil War: Exhuming a Buried Past features cutting-edge, interdisciplinary research on the political, historical, cultural, and literary legacy of the Spanish Civil War by a mixture of new and leading scholars from Europe, North America, and New Zealand.

Power to Do Justice

Bradin Cormack — Fri, 26 Apr 2013 05:00:00 GMT

English law underwent rapid transformation in the sixteenth century, in response to the Reformation and also to heightened litigation and legal professionalization. As the common law became more comprehensive and systematic, the principle of jurisdiction came under particular strain. When the common law engaged with other court systems in England, when it encountered territories like Ireland and France, or when it confronted the ocean as a juridical space, the law revealed its qualities of ingenuity and improvisation. In other words, as Bradin Cormack argues, jurisdictional crisis made visible the law’s resemblance to the literary arts.
A Power to Do Justice shows how Renaissance writers engaged the practical and conceptual dynamics of jurisdiction, both as a subject for critical investigation and as a frame for articulating literature’s sense of itself. Reassessing the relation between English literature and law from More to Shakespeare, Cormack argues that where literary texts attend to jurisdiction, they dramatize how boundaries and limits are the very precondition of law’s power, even as they clarify the forms of intensification that make literary space a reality.

Tracking cultural responses to Renaissance jurisdictional thinking and legal centralization, A Power to Do Justice makes theoretical, literary-historical, and methodological contributions that set a new standard for law and the humanities and for the cultural history of early modern law and literature.

Gusto for Things

Renata Ago; Bradford Bouley; Corey Tazzara; Paula Findlen — Mon, 22 Apr 2013 05:00:00 GMT

We live in a material world—our homes are filled with things, from electronics to curios and hand-me-downs, that disclose as much about us and our aspirations as they do about current trends. But we are not the first: the early modern period was a time of expanding consumption, when objects began to play an important role in defining gender as well as social status. Gusto for Things reconstructs the material lives of seventeenth-century Romans, exploring new ways of thinking about the meaning of things as a historical phenomenon.

Through creative use of account books, inventories, wills, and other records, Renata Ago examines early modern attitudes toward possessions, asking what people did with their things, why they wrote about them, and how they passed objects on to their heirs. While some inhabitants of Rome were connoisseurs of the paintings, books, and curiosities that made the city famous, Ago shows that men and women of lesser means also filled their homes with a more modest array of goods. She also discovers the genealogies of certain categories of things—for instance, books went from being classed as luxury goods to a category all their own—and considers what that reveals about the early modern era. An animated investigation into the relationship between people and the things they buy, Gusto for Things paints an illuminating portrait of the meaning of objects in preindustrial Europe.

Secret Science

María M. Portuondo — Thu, 18 Apr 2013 05:00:00 GMT

The discovery of the New World raised many questions for early modern scientists: What did these lands contain? Where did they lie in relation to Europe? Who lived there, and what were their inhabitants like? Imperial expansion necessitated changes in the way scientific knowledge was gathered, and Spanish cosmographers in particular were charged with turning their observations of the New World into a body of knowledge that could be used for governing the largest empire the world had ever known.

As María M. Portuondo here shows, this cosmographic knowledge had considerable strategic, defensive, and monetary value that royal scientists were charged with safeguarding from foreign and internal enemies. Cosmography was thus a secret science, but despite the limited dissemination of this body of knowledge, royal cosmographers applied alternative epistemologies and new methodologies that changed the discipline, and, in the process, how Europeans understood the natural world.

Medieval Flower Book

Celia Fisher — Mon, 15 Apr 2013 05:00:00 GMT

In our modern world, the spiny-stemmed flowers, intertwined leaves, and delicate pink blossoms of the rubus fruticosus, or common blackberry bramble, might catch the eye of the casual observer or weekend gardener. Pleasant, prolific, and decorative, plants like the blackberry are looked upon as sources for harvest, landscape, and visual pleasure. To the medieval and Renaissance artist, however, these botanicals were far more. Part of a richly symbolic visual language culled from the classical era, their exquisite depiction in illuminated manuscripts of the age evoked fertility, conjured bad dreams, and even aligned itself with ancient wisdom. The popular and enduring appeal of flowers in medieval art and literature extended beyond simple botanical illustration; instead, flowers helped to tell countless stories without words through potent symbolic imagery.

The Medieval Flower Book artfully presents an alphabetical collection of over one hundred of the major flowers that appear in medieval manuscripts—gathered with fascinating explanatory texts on their history, significance, and usage. The sumptuous reproductions that accompany each entry offer a visual reference to the symbolism of botanicals in medieval manuscripts that’s beyond breathtaking in its appeal. An introductory section explaining the ancient roots of practical horticulture’s expansion into cultural and spiritual realms not only places the volume in the context of gardening history, but gives the general reader insight into our enduring interest in these remarkable herbals.

Widely appealing to all of those interested in flowers and gardening, the horticultural historian, and the student of visual culture and medieval history, The Medieval Flower Book is a fascinating and important primer on the beauty and language of florals. Extensively ranging through the canon of medieval botanicals—from acanthus and anemones to violets and wallflowers—this volume is the perfect gift for anyone interested in blossoms and blooms, and should thrill the everyday gardener and art collector alike.

Heibergs and the Theater

Jon Stewart — Mon, 15 Apr 2013 05:00:00 GMT

Johan Ludvig Heiberg was one of the most famous playwrights, theater critics, and essayists of the Danish Golden Age, and his wife, Johanne Luise Heiberg, was one of its greatest actresses. This first book-length study in English examines the many ways they dominated theatrical life during the period. In these essays, the contributors explore the deep connections between the Heibergs’ far-reaching philosophical and political interests and their theatrical careers. More than just a study of Golden Age theater, this book offers an important look into the ideas and arts that constituted one of the richest eras in modern history.

Women of the Danish Golden Age

Katalin Nun — Mon, 15 Apr 2013 05:00:00 GMT

This broad, interdisciplinary work explores the often overlooked contributions of women to the cultural life of the Danish Golden Age. Featuring chapters on novelist Thomasine Gyllembourg, actress Johanne Luise Heiberg, and feminist writer Mathilde Fibiger, it spans three generations of women from the early to late Golden Age, examining the perceived proper role of women in Danish society at the time, including an examination of views by male Golden Age writers and thinkers such as Søren Kierkegaard and Hans Lassen Martensen. Offering a panorama of personalities, literary texts, theater performances, artworks, and sociopolitical debates, Women of the Danish Golden Age is a rich appreciation of the importance of women to Denmark’s cultural life during one of its most flourishing periods.

Reasons of Conscience

Stefan Sperling — Fri, 12 Apr 2013 05:00:00 GMT

The implicit questions that inevitably underlie German bioethics are the same ones that have pervaded all of German public life for decades: How could the Holocaust have happened? And how can Germans make sure that it will never happen again? In Reasons of Conscience, Stefan Sperling considers the bioethical debates surrounding embryonic stem cell research in Germany at the turn of the twenty-first century, highlighting how the country’s ongoing struggle to come to terms with its past informs the decisions it makes today.

Sperling brings the reader unmatched access to the offices of the German parliament to convey the role that morality and ethics play in contemporary Germany. He describes the separate and interactive workings of the two bodies assigned to shape German bioethics—the parliamentary Enquiry Commission on Law and Ethics in Modern Medicine and the executive branch’s National Ethics Council—tracing each institution’s genesis, projected image, and operations, and revealing that the content of bioethics cannot be separated from the workings of these institutions. Sperling then focuses his discussion around three core categories—transparency, conscience, and Germany itself—arguing that without fully considering these, we fail to understand German bioethics. He concludes with an assessment of German legislators and regulators’ attempts to incorporate criteria of ethical research into the German Stem Cell Law.

Nazi Symbiosis

Sheila Faith Weiss — Thu, 04 Apr 2013 05:00:00 GMT

The Faustian bargain—in which an individual or group collaborates with an evil entity in order to obtain knowledge, power, or material gain—is perhaps best exemplified by the alliance between world-renowned human geneticists and the Nazi state. Under the swastika, German scientists descended into the moral abyss, perpetrating heinous medical crimes at Auschwitz and at euthanasia hospitals. But why did biomedical researchers accept such a bargain?

The Nazi Symbiosis offers a nuanced account of the myriad ways human heredity and Nazi politics reinforced each other before and during the Third Reich. Exploring the ethical and professional consequences for the scientists involved as well as the political ramifications for Nazi racial policies, Sheila Faith Weiss places genetics and eugenics in their larger international context. In questioning whether the motives that propelled German geneticists were different from the compromises that researchers from other countries and eras face, Weiss extends her argument into our modern moment, as we confront the promises and perils of genomic medicine today.

Bernini

Franco Mormando — Tue, 02 Apr 2013 05:00:00 GMT

Sculptor, architect, painter, playwright, and scenographer, Gian Lorenzo Bernini (1598–1680) was the last of the great universal artistic geniuses of early modern Italy, placed by both contemporaries and posterity in the same exalted company as Leonardo, Raphael, and Michelangelo. And his artistic vision remains palpably present today, through the countless statues, fountains, and buildings that transformed Rome into the Baroque theater that continues to enthrall tourists today.

It is perhaps not surprising that this artist who defined the Baroque should have a personal life that itself was, well, baroque. As Franco Mormando’s dazzling biography reveals, Bernini was a man driven by many passions, possessed of an explosive temper and a hearty sex drive, and he lived a life as dramatic as any of his creations. Drawing on archival sources, letters, diaries, and—with a suitable skepticism—a hagiographic account written by Bernini’s son (who portrays his father as a paragon of virtue and piety), Mormando leads us through Bernini’s many feuds and love affairs, scandals and sins. He sets Bernini’s raucous life against a vivid backdrop of Baroque Rome, bustling and wealthy, and peopled by churchmen and bureaucrats, popes and politicians, schemes and secrets.

The result is a seductively readable biography, stuffed with stories and teeming with life—as wild and unforgettable as Bernini’s art. No one who has been bewitched by the Baroque should miss it.

Panaceia's Daughters

Alisha Rankin — Tue, 19 Mar 2013 05:00:00 GMT

Panaceia’s Daughters provides the first book-length study of noblewomen’s healing activities in early modern Europe. Drawing on rich archival sources, Alisha Rankin demonstrates that numerous German noblewomen were deeply involved in making medicines and recommending them to patients, and many gained widespread fame for their remedies. Turning a common historical argument on its head, Rankin maintains that noblewomen’s pharmacy came to prominence not in spite of their gender but because of it.

Rankin demonstrates the ways in which noblewomen’s pharmacy was bound up in notions of charity, class, religion, and household roles, as well as in expanding networks of knowledge and early forms of scientific experimentation. The opening chapters place noblewomen’s healing within the context of cultural exchange, experiential knowledge, and the widespread search for medicinal recipes in early modern Europe. Case studies of renowned healers Dorothea of Mansfeld and Anna of Saxony then demonstrate the value their pharmacy held in their respective roles as elderly widow and royal consort, while a study of the long-suffering Duchess Elisabeth of Rochlitz emphasizes the importance of experiential knowledge and medicinal remedies to the patient’s experience of illness.

Curious World of Dickens

Clive Hurst; Violet Moller — Fri, 15 Mar 2013 05:00:00 GMT

Charles Dickens is among the greatest English novelists, and the power of his prose can be found in his portrayals of the harsh social realities of his time, from the depiction of poverty-stricken orphan Oliver Twist to the squalor of the slums and skewering of the justice system in Bleak House.

Published to celebrate the twohundredth anniversary of Dickens’s birth, this book brings together quotations from Dickens’s novels and letters with photographs of their original covers and Victorian-era images—among them, prints, posters, and newspaper pieces—that shed light on the topics about which Dickens writes. Ordered by theme, the book covers such topics as schools in Victorian England, domestic entertainment, the introduction of the railroad, and the poor conditions in prisons and workhouses, which loom large in Dickens’s novels—and, indeed, his own childhood. Dickens was also an avid theater enthusiast who arranged productions and public readings of many of his works, and this book explores his role throughout his later years in adroitly adapting his novels for the stage.

The Curious World of Dickens breathes new life on this momentous occasion into the vibrant world inhabited by Dickens and his characters.

'Natural Leaders' and their World

Jonathan Wright — Fri, 15 Mar 2013 05:00:00 GMT

A richly detailed exploration of the complex urban culture of the Presbyterian elite in late-Georgian Belfast, The ‘Natural Leaders’ and their World offers a major reassessment of the political life of Belfast in the early nineteenth century. Examining the activities of a close-knit group of individuals who sought to reform British and European politics, Jonathan Wright addresses topics such as romanticism, evangelicalism, and altruism, with a look at writers such as Lord Byron, Walter Scott, Robert Owen, and Thomas Chalmers. In doing so, he tells the story of a Presbyterian middle class and the complex entanglement of their political, cultural, and intellectual lives.

News from Abroad

James T. Boulton; T. O. McLoughlin — Fri, 15 Mar 2013 05:00:00 GMT

The Grand Tour was an educational rite of passage for much of Britain’s upper class during the late seventeenth, eighteenth, and early nineteenth centuries. In News from Abroad, James T. Boulton and T. O. McLoughlin assemble a fascinating diversity of letters from five different travelers as they embarked from Britain en route to Paris, across the Alps, and on to Rome, along the way exploring contemporary European life as well as nearly two millennia of history and art. The first comprehensive book to bring several letter-writers together into a single volume, News from Abroad is a rich collection of primary sources that offers exciting new comparisons of what the Grand Tour meant for the individuals who undertook it.

Making of the Humanities

Rens Bod; Jaap Maat; Thijs Weststeijn — Fri, 15 Mar 2013 05:00:00 GMT

While it is clear that around 1800 the humanities as a discipline rose to prominence, it is less clear what the exact nature of this shift in academia was. Was it a sudden revolution caused by a momentary but powerful change in the zeitgeist or the turning point of a much longer process? In this volume, the editors have selected a series of essays that look at the origins of the humanities and find that long before 1800 the concept of the humanities was already at the fore. The shift around 1800 was thus mostly institutional, not theoretical. The Making of the Humanities traces this new finding through a broad range of disciplines including literary theory, linguistics, art history, and musicology.

True History Full of Romance

Marga Altena — Fri, 15 Mar 2013 05:00:00 GMT

In this important study, Marga Altena offers a fascinating overview of racial politics in the Netherlands during the late nineteenth century and first half of the twentieth century through three case studies of real-life multiracial couples from different socioeconomic classes and geographic regions. With particular care paid to the way news and visual media portrayed these couples, Altena has created a highly readable narrative that represents its protagonists not simply as victims of racial prejudice, but also as agents in their own self-representation. Complete with stunning images, A True History Full of Romance sheds light on a rarely explored, but undeniably fascinating aspect of Dutch history.

Africa in Europe

Eve Rosenhaft; Robbie Aitken — Fri, 15 Feb 2013 06:00:00 GMT

Africa in Europe goes beyond the still-dominant American and transatlantic focus of disapora studies, examining the experiences of black and white Africans, Afro-Caribbeans, and African Americans in Western Europe, Britain, and the former Soviet Union from the end of the nineteenth century to the beginning of the twenty-first. Exploring a huge range of border-crossing experiences across and within Africa and Europe, it examines topics such as ethnic and cultural boundaries, working across the color line, and the limits of solidarity. With contributions from scholars in social history, art history, anthropology, cultural studies, and literary studies, as well from a novelist and a filmmaker, it offers a broad look at the intersection of Africa and Europe at all levels, from family and community to culture and politics.

Nothing to Speak of

Sofie Lene Bak — Fri, 15 Feb 2013 06:00:00 GMT

In October 1943, Adolph Hitler ordered the mass arrest of Jews in Denmark. While many Danish Jews were rounded up and deported to concentration camps, thousands fled to Sweden in one of the most successful—and famous—rescue operations of Jews in wartime Europe. Based on more than one hundred interviews, Nothing to Speak Of sheds new light on this rescue operation, telling the story of what happened to these survivors after October 1943. This richly illustrated volume is the first to deal with the long-term consequences of escape, exile, and deportation during this harrowing time for Danish citizens, uncovering deep and painful memories that still haunt many survivors today.

Europe - On Air

Suzanne Lommers — Fri, 15 Feb 2013 06:00:00 GMT

During the interwar years, broadcast radio became a popular way for Europeans to consume local, national, and international news. The medium not only began to shape European policy and politics, but also laid the foundation for European unification and global interconnectedness. In Europe On Air, Suzanne Lommers has documented the rich and often underexposed history of broadcast radio through the lens of international European relations. She specifically explores the roles of Radio Moscow, Radio Luxembourg, Vatican Radio, and the International Broadcasting Union as institutions that played an important role in national identities and establishing standards for broadcasting. The radio also offered new opportunities to politicians, who seized upon a vibrant and more direct way to communicate with their constituents.

Essential reading for scholars of technology and European history, Europe–On Air reveals broadcast radio to be a technology that revolutionized international relations during the brief respite between the chaos of war in Europe.

German-Jewish Soldiers of the First World War in History and Memory

Tim Grady — Fri, 15 Feb 2013 06:00:00 GMT

Nearly one hundred thousand German Jews fought in World War I, and some twelve thousand of these soldiers lost their lives in battle. This book focuses on the multifaceted ways in which these soldiers have been remembered, as well as forgotten, from 1914 to the late 1970s. By examining Germany’s complex and continually evolving memory culture, Tim Grady opens up a new approach to the study of German and German-Jewish history. In doing so, he draws out a narrative of entangled and overlapping relations between Jews and non-Jews, a story that extends past the Holocaust and into the Cold War.

Fashion Monkey

Fri, 15 Feb 2013 06:00:00 GMT

On the occasion of the three-hundredth anniversary of Frederick the Great’s birth, the Foundation of Prussian Castles and Gardens, Berlin-Brandenburg, restaged his one-act play, Le Singe de la Mode, or The Fashion Monkey. Written in 1742, The Fashion Monkey recounts the story of the fashion-obsessed Marquis de la Faridondière and his uncle’s attempt to put a stop to his free-spending ways by proposing that he marry the particularly thrifty maiden Adélaïde. In his quest for the latest fashions, the marquis must also address matters of philosophy.

For the festivities, Belgian artist Isabelle de Borchgrave created and installed throughout Potsdam’s Neues Palais figurines whose papier-mâché frocks are near-perfect simulations of lavish lace, rich velvet, and rustling silk. With photographs by Andreas von Einsiedel, the book collects this ambitious work and supplements it with the play in its original French and an essay by the foundation’s director, Samuel Wittwer, on the intellectual environment of Frederick the Great, the cultural history of The Fashion Monkey, and the creation of de Borchgrave’s 2012 works.

Frederick and Potsdam

Jutta Götzmann — Fri, 15 Feb 2013 06:00:00 GMT

When Frederick the Great (1712–86) ascended to the Prussian throne, Potsdam was a small provincial town. But, by the end of his reign, it had risen both in population and prominence thanks to the construction of beautiful royal residences, foremost of which was the rococo Sanssouci Palace, whose grounds boast a UNESCO World Heritage–listed garden.

Published on the occasion of the three-hundredth anniversary of Frederick the Great’s birth, this book chronicles the city’s rapid rise at the hands of the king. An ardent supporter of architecture and the arts, Frederick the Great dedicated himself to the beautification of Potsdam, commissioning artists and artisans from both home and abroad and seeking inspiration in the buildings he encountered in Italy, England, and France. This book brings together fifty full-color illustrations of the works he commissioned or purchased.

Few European cities can be said to have been built so fundamentally to suit the ideas of a single ruler. Frederick and Potsdam: A City is Born thoroughly examines this “invention of a city.”

Thinking Barcelona

Edgar Illas — Fri, 15 Feb 2013 06:00:00 GMT

Thinking Barcelona studies the ideologies that redefined Barcelona during the 1980s and helped the city adapt to a new economy of tourism, culture, and services. Looking specifically at the lead-up to the 1992 Olympic Games and the urban renewal geared toward establishing Barcelona as a happy combination of European cosmopolitanism and Mediterranean rootedness, Edgar Illas situates Barcelona as a key example of contemporary urban rebranding after the fall of communism and the establishment of the neoliberal “end of history.” Looking at a host of materials associated with the games as well as contemporary architectural and literary works, he offers a compelling look at postmodern globalization as it manifests itself through urban regeneration.

Welsh Poetry of the French Revolution, 1789-1805

Cathryn A. Charnell-White — Fri, 15 Feb 2013 06:00:00 GMT

This anthology presents a selection of poems written by Welsh writers living in Wales and London in response to the French Revolution. Edited and translated from Welsh into English for the first time, these poems artfully capture this period of unprecedented change and upheaval, challenging what it meant to be Welsh, British, and patriotic amid shifting views on religious affiliation. Accompanying the English poems are the Welsh originals as well as explanatory notes and an introductory essay that provide context.