Rebellion to Integration
West Sumatra and the Indonesian Polity, 1926-1998
Distributed for Amsterdam University Press
336 pages
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illustrated
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© 2000
This study deals with the political history of the Indonesian province of West Sumatra and the Minangkabau people from the late colonial period up to the present, focussing on the course and degree of their integration into the contemporary Indonesian state. The book provides a local perspective on the growth and development of the nationalist movement in Indonesia, the struggle for independence, and the trauma involved for West Sumatra in adapting to an Indonesian state based on very different concepts of government than those that animated the anticolonial struggle in the region. It also helps understand the backgrounds of the recent violent insurgence in several parts of the Indonesian archipelago against the rule of the Javanese-controlled central government.
Contents
Acknoledgements
Maps
Introduction
Prologue
Section I: Late Colonial Rule
Chapter1: Background and Eruption of the 1927 Rebellion
The Brink of Rebellion
Background to the Unrest
Centres of Opposition
Padang Panjang
Silungkang/Sawahlunto
Padang
The Uprising
Chapter 2: The Crisis of the Early 1930s
Repercussions of 1927
Religious Nationalism
The Socialist Stream
Youth Groups
Hatta's Followers
Tan Malaka's Pari
The Dutch Crackdown
Aftermath
Cat and Mouse
Chapter 3: Nationalism in Prewar West Sumatra
Parties and Leadership
The Role of the Entrepreneurs
Schools in West Sumatra
Societal Divisions
The Closing Years of Dutch Rule
Chapter 4: West Sumatra under the Japanese
The Early Occupation
Sukarno's Role
Japanese Governor Yano Kenzo
Giyu Gun
The Character of Giyu Gun
The Closing Phase
Japanese Legacy
Chapter 5: Independence Proclaimed
Facing the British
Establishing a Republican Administration
Crises in Early 1946
The Return of Tan Malaka
The People's Front in West Sumatra
The Baso Movement
Compromise with the Front
Islamic Dissension
The March 3 Affair
The Military Side
Clashes with the Centre
Sumatra's Civilian Government
Rationalization of the Armed Forces
Political Alignments in Java and Sumatra
Tan Malaka and His Influence
Chapter 6: Independence Achieved
West Sumatra under the Dutch Occupation
The Attack
The Republic's Emergency Government (PDRI)
Situjuh Batur and the Death of Chatib Suleiman
The Local Struggle
Military Collapse and Internal Conflict
Internal Defence and Security
Revolutionary Trade
Failure of Dutch Plans for a Minangkabau State
End of the Armed Struggle
Legacy of the Revolution
Chapter 7: Disillusionment
Rejection of Federalism
Establishment of a Unitary State
Failure of Moves for Greater Regional Autonomy
Reaction in Sumatra
Disillusionment in Aceh
Freezing of West Sumatra's Civilian Institutions
Failure of the Electoral Road
Religious Disaffection
The 1955 Elections
Toward the Banteng Council
Dissolution of the Banteng Division
The Banteng Council
Chapter 8: Defiance
Unrest in the Military
Success of the Banteng Council: December 1956-July 1957
Military Achievements
Economic Decentralization
Political Support
The Indonesian Communist Party
Riau and Jambi
Repercussions at the Centre
Hopes for Compromise
Impingement of Outside Forces and Moves toward a Break
The Palembang Charter
MUNAS
The Issue of Communism
Crises in Jakarta
Toward the Break
Chapter 9: Defeat
Onset of the Civil War
Jakarta's Military Success
Parallels with the Revolution
Establishment of the Federal Government (RPI)
Defeat and Humiliation
Aftermath of the Rebellion
Chapter 10: Overthrow of the Old Order
The 1965 Upheaval
West Sumatra's Political Climate in the Early 1960s
The Role of General Mokoginta
The September 30 Movement in West Sumatra
Period of Transition
Suppression of the Communists in North Sumatra
Consolidating Jakarta's Power in West Sumatra
Advent of a New Regime
Chapter 11: Accomodation with the Centre
New Order Rule
Destroying the Political Parties
Destruction of the Nagari
Social and Economic Changes
Governor Hasan Basri Durin
The Changing Economy
Role of the Perantau
Erosion of the New Order
Fifty Years of Independence
Suharto's Resignation
Conclusion
'Reformasi' in West Sumatra
Resignation of the Governor
The Era of Reform
The Issues of Decentralization
Elections
Bibliography of Secondary Sources
Notes
Index
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