Plural Policing
The Mixed Economy of Visible Patrols in England and Wales
Distributed for Policy Press at the University of Bristol
128 pages
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6 3/4 x 9 1/2
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© 2005
This timely and important report draws together the findings of an extensive two-year study of developments in the provision of visible policing in England and Wales. Exploring the dynamic relations between different public and private providers, it combines an overview of national developments with a detailed analysis of six focused case studies, including two city centres, one out-of-town shopping centre, an industrial park and two residential areas. The report considers the role of community support officers, neighbourhood wardens and private security guards, amongst other plural policing personnel and outlines the policy implications of the research findings, particularly with regard to the Government's current police reform agenda. It also provides important insights and recommendations regarding the organisation, co-ordination and regulation of the future mixed economy of visible security patrols.Plural policing will be of special interest to academics, researchers, policy makers, police and security managers and students of criminology and policing, as well as all those interested in community safety and the changing face of modern policing.
Contents
List of tables and figures
Acknowledgements
Summary
1. Introduction
A reassurance paradox
Plural policing
The research study
2. A mixed economy of plural policing
National policy developments
Police workforce strength
Commercial developments
Survey of manned private security firms
A competitive marketplace in the mixed economy
Selling police patrol services
3. Strategies and styles of policing
Core tasks
Skills
Functions
Activities in residential areas
Developing community cohesion
Community intelligence
Local knowledge and capacity
Legal Powers
Equipment
Impact of public-private partnerships on private security
Impact of public-private partnerships on the police
The growing role of exclusion
Security dilemmas
4. Public reassurance
Providing reassurance
Community support officers and reassurance
Wardens and reassurance
Private security and reassurance
Public reception and identity
5. The challenge of coordination
Organising the division of labour and coordination
Strategic coordination and partnership
Operational coordination
Modes of local policing teams
Information exchange
The provision of additional security as a 'club good'
6. Questions of governance and accountability
Challenges to governance and accountability
Meeting regulatory challenges
Local accountability
Potential implications or reassurance policing through public-private partnerships
The future of visible policing
7. Conclusions and recommendations
References
Appendix A: The case study sites
Appendix B: The Advisory Board membership
Acknowledgements
Summary
1. Introduction
A reassurance paradox
Plural policing
The research study
2. A mixed economy of plural policing
National policy developments
Police workforce strength
Commercial developments
Survey of manned private security firms
A competitive marketplace in the mixed economy
Selling police patrol services
3. Strategies and styles of policing
Core tasks
Skills
Functions
Activities in residential areas
Developing community cohesion
Community intelligence
Local knowledge and capacity
Legal Powers
Equipment
Impact of public-private partnerships on private security
Impact of public-private partnerships on the police
The growing role of exclusion
Security dilemmas
4. Public reassurance
Providing reassurance
Community support officers and reassurance
Wardens and reassurance
Private security and reassurance
Public reception and identity
5. The challenge of coordination
Organising the division of labour and coordination
Strategic coordination and partnership
Operational coordination
Modes of local policing teams
Information exchange
The provision of additional security as a 'club good'
6. Questions of governance and accountability
Challenges to governance and accountability
Meeting regulatory challenges
Local accountability
Potential implications or reassurance policing through public-private partnerships
The future of visible policing
7. Conclusions and recommendations
References
Appendix A: The case study sites
Appendix B: The Advisory Board membership
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