Arbitrary Rule

Slavery, Tyranny, and the Power of Life and Death

Cloth $45.00 ISBN: 9780226015538 Published May 2013

E-book $7.00 to $44.00 About E-books ISBN: 9780226015675 Published May 2013

Slavery appears as a figurative construct during the English revolution of the mid-seventeenth century, and again in the American and French revolutions, when radicals represent their treatment as a form of political slavery. What, if anything, does figurative, political slavery have to do with transatlantic slavery? In Arbitrary Rule, Mary Nyquist explores connections between political and chattel slavery by excavating the tradition of Western political thought that justifies actively opposing tyranny. She argues that as powerful rhetorical and conceptual constructs, Greco-Roman political liberty and slavery reemerge at the time of early modern Eurocolonial expansion; they help to create racialized “free” national identities and their “unfree” counterparts in non-European nations represented as inhabiting an earlier, privative age.

Arbitrary Rule is the first book to tackle political slavery’s discursive complexity, engaging Eurocolonialism, political philosophy, and literary studies, areas of study too often kept apart. Nyquist proceeds through analyses not only of texts that are canonical in political thought—by Aristotle, Cicero, Hobbes, and Locke—but also of literary works by Euripides, Buchanan, Vondel, Montaigne, and Milton, together with a variety of colonialist and political writings, with special emphasis on tracts written during the English revolution. She illustrates how “antityranny discourse,” which originated in democratic Athens, was adopted by republican Rome, and revived in early modern Western Europe, provided members of a “free” community with a means of protesting a threatened reduction of privileges or of consolidating a collective, political identity. Its semantic complexity, however, also enabled it to legitimize racialized enslavement and imperial expansion.

Throughout, Nyquist demonstrates how principles relating to political slavery and tyranny are bound up with a Roman jurisprudential doctrine that sanctions the power of life and death held by the slaveholder over slaves and, by extension, the state, its representatives, or its laws over its citizenry.

Review Quotes
Contents

Paul Cartledge, University of Cambridge

“Mary Nyquist has achieved a famous first: a mature, dispassionate examination of the discourse of ‘antityrannicism’ as exemplified in writings of both a theoretical and a literary nature ranging from Aristotle through Cicero, Buchanan, and Montaigne, to Milton, Hobbes, and Locke. Through her highly intelligent readings of authors with their own very different, indeed sometimes radically opposed, agendas, she shows brilliantly how the antityrannicism discourse could be deployed to sharpen the audience’s perception of the threat posed by tyranny to the privileges and dignity of a free community. As she rightly emphasizes, the interpretative challenges posed by ‘slavery’ used as a figure for distinctively political oppression have rarely been critically faced—she not only faces up to them but faces them down.”

David Norbrook, University of Oxford

“Arbitrary Rule is a remarkable book. It displays an impressive command of early modern literature and political thought, and throughout operates at a very high level of engagement and originality. It abounds in new perceptions and genuinely transforms the landscape of the period. I have no doubt that it will become a central focus of discussion for many years to come.”

Ryan K. Balot, author of Greek Political Thought

“This daring interdisciplinary study effectively blends literary interpretation with historical and philosophical analysis. Through laying bare the nuances of antityrannical ideology, both ancient and modern, Arbitrary Rule arrestingly reveals the interconnections between liberalism, transatlantic slavery, and discourses on political servitude. Mary Nyquist’s imagination and sparkling intelligence shine through on every page.”

Lisa Lowe, Tufts University

“Mary Nyquist’s elegant study, Arbitrary Rule, joins distinguished works by Page duBois, Orlando Patterson, and Susan Buck-Morss in situating the roots of political philosophical freedom in tyranny and slavery. Her precise readings of Aristotle, Cicero, Hobbes, and Locke, elaborate ancient, early modern, and Enlightenment defenses of slavery that have too long remained unrecognized.”

Contents

List of Illustrations
Citations
Introduction

Chapter 1. Ancient Greek and Roman Slaveries
Political Slavery and Barbarism
   Tyranny, Slavery, and the Despotēs
   The Tyrant as Conqueror and Antityranny
   Tyranny, Despotical Rule, and Natural Slavery in Aristotle’s Politics
   Roman Antityranny
   Appropriation and Disavowal of Slavery

Chapter 2. Sixteenth-Century French and English Resistance Theory
Servility and Tyranny in Montaigne and La Boétie, Goodman and Ponet
   Spanish Tyranny, English Resistance
   Collective Enslavement and Freedom in Vindiciae
   Slavery in Smith’s De Republica Anglorum and Bodin’s République
   Resistance

Chapter 3. Human Sacrifice, Barbarism, and Buchanan’s Jephtha
Barbarism, Sacrifice, and Civic Virtue
Calvin, Cicero, and Wrongful Vows
Does Jephtha Hold the Sword?
Blood(less) Sacrifice

Chapter 4. Antityranny, Slavery, and Revolution
Genesis, Dominion, and Natural Slavery
   Servility, Tyranny, and Asiatic Monarchy in 1 Samuel 8
   Genesis, Dominion, and Servitude in “Paradise Lost”
   Ears Bored with an Awl in Revolutionary England
   Revolution and Liberty Cap

Chapter 5. Freeborn Sons or Slaves?
Debating Analogically
   Freeborn Citizens and Contract
Fathers and Resistance
Antislavery and Bodin’s Preemption of Antityranny
   Parker’s Antityranny and Antislavery

Chapter 6. The Power of Life and Death
Brutus and His Sons: Lawful Punishment or Paternal Power?
Debating the Familial Origins of the Power of Life and Death
Debating Divine Sanction for the Power and Life and Death
   Power, No-Power, and the English Revolution
   Etymology as Ideology: Servire from Servare, or Enslaving as Saving

Chapter 7. Nakedness, History, and Bare Life
Nakedness
Nationalization of Natural Slavery and Original Sin
De Bry’s Europeanized Adam and Eve
   Privative Comparison in Paradise Lost

Chapter 8. Hobbes’s State of Nature and “Hard” Privativism
The Golden-Edenic Privative Age
Cicero’s Savage Age
   Savagery and the Euro-Colonial Privative Age
   Ancestral Liberties, Inherited Freedom
   Hobbes’s State of Nature and Libertas
   Frontispieces

Chapter 9. Hobbes, Slavery, and Despotical Rule
Liberty, Slavery, and Tyranny Discomfited
   Preservation of Life, Civility, and Servitude
   Hobbes’s Female-Free Family
   Servants and Slaves

Chapter 10. Locke’s “On Slavery,” Despotical Power, and Tyranny
Antityranny, Not Antidespotism
Hobbes, Locke, and the Power of Life and Death
Reading “Of Slavery”
Reading Locke Rewriting Power/No-Power
   Hebrew and Chattel Slavery
   Slaves and Tyrants

Epilogue
Acknowledgments
Notes
Index

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Literature and Literary Criticism: Classical Languages | General Criticism and Critical Theory

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Political Science: Political and Social Theory

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